Adolescence is a pivotal time of change, both physically and emotionally, and can be particularly challenging for individuals with autism and their families. At Linden Clinics, we have guided many families through this period, and our experience has given us key insights into how parents can best support their children during adolescence. Drawing from existing research, we offer practical advice and strategies to help parents navigate this complex phase while fostering independence, self-esteem, and emotional well-being in their autistic teens while they are in puberty.
Table of Contents
Understanding Adolescence in Individuals with Autism
The Impact of Puberty on Adolescents with Autism: The onset of puberty brings about significant physical changes, and for adolescents with autism, this period can be particularly confusing and stressful. According to Nichols et al. (2009), the hormonal changes of puberty often exacerbate existing autism-related challenges, such as sensory sensitivities, emotional regulation difficulties, and anxiety. Helping teens understand these changes in a way that is clear and straightforward is crucial for minimizing anxiety and promoting self-acceptance.
At Linden Clinics, we have found that using visual aids, such as charts or diagrams, and creating a safe space for open conversations about body changes, can help adolescents with autism better understand and cope with puberty.
Emotional and Social Development: During adolescence, neurotypical teens often become more focused on social interactions and peer relationships, but for those with autism, these areas can be particularly challenging. As Smith et al. (2014) note, difficulties in social communication and understanding can leave autistic teens feeling isolated or misunderstood by their peers. Parents play a vital role in helping their teens develop social skills and navigate peer relationships.
We recommend parents encourage their teens to engage in structured social activities, such as clubs or groups centered around their interests, where the social expectations are clearer and more predictable. These environments provide opportunities to practice social skills in a low-pressure setting, which can be beneficial for autistic teens.
Supporting Autonomy and Independence
Promoting Self-Advocacy: Adolescence is also a time when teens begin to assert their independence, and for individuals with autism, developing self-advocacy skills is crucial. According to Van Hees et al. (2015), teaching teens how to express their needs and preferences, both at school and in social settings, is essential for building confidence and autonomy. This can include helping them identify when they feel overwhelmed or need a break and encouraging them to communicate this to teachers or peers.
At Linden Clinics, we encourage parents to involve their teens in decision-making processes, such as setting daily routines or choosing extracurricular activities. By giving teens a voice in these decisions, parents can help them build confidence and a sense of ownership over their lives.
Life Skills Development: Developing life skills, such as managing personal hygiene, time management, and basic household tasks, is key to fostering independence in adolescence. According to Myles and Adreon (2001), breaking down complex tasks into smaller, manageable steps can help individuals with autism better understand and master these skills. Visual schedules and checklists can also be useful tools for promoting consistency and helping teens stay on track with their responsibilities.
Many parents have shared with us that involving their teens in daily tasks, such as cooking or budgeting, has been an effective way to build these life skills gradually while boosting their confidence and sense of achievement.
Managing Emotional and Behavioral Changes
Coping with Anxiety and Stress: Adolescence often brings increased anxiety and stress, which can be more pronounced in individuals with autism. A study by Mazurek et al. (2013) highlights that anxiety disorders are common among adolescents with autism, particularly in social situations or when facing unfamiliar environments. Helping teens develop coping strategies, such as mindfulness techniques or deep breathing exercises, can be effective in reducing anxiety.
We recommend parents maintain open lines of communication with their teens about their emotions and stressors, creating a supportive environment where they feel comfortable discussing their feelings. Seeking professional support, such as counseling or therapy, can also be beneficial for managing anxiety during adolescence.
Addressing Behavioral Challenges: During adolescence, some individuals with autism may exhibit new or intensified behavioral challenges, such as increased aggression or meltdowns, which can be triggered by the emotional and physical changes they are experiencing. According to Lecavalier (2006), these behaviors are often a form of communication, signaling that the individual is overwhelmed or struggling to cope with changes.
Parents can help by identifying potential triggers and creating strategies for reducing stress, such as providing a quiet space where their teen can retreat when feeling overwhelmed. Behavioral therapy can also be effective in helping teens learn healthier ways to manage their emotions and reduce challenging behaviors.
The Importance of a Support Network
Collaborating with Schools and Healthcare Providers: It’s essential for parents to work closely with their teen’s school and healthcare providers during adolescence. According to Hendricks and Wehman (2009), creating an individualized education plan (IEP) that addresses the unique needs of adolescents with autism is crucial for ensuring their academic success and emotional well-being. Regular communication between parents, teachers, and healthcare providers ensures that everyone is on the same page and can adjust strategies as needed.
We’ve seen many families benefit from seeking additional support services, such as occupational therapy or social skills training, which can provide teens with the tools they need to navigate adolescence more successfully.
Connecting with Peer Support: Building a support network of other families who are going through similar experiences can provide both practical advice and emotional support. According to Mandell and Salzer (2007), parents of children with autism often find comfort in connecting with others who understand the unique challenges they face. Support groups, whether in person or online, offer a safe space for parents to share their experiences and strategies, fostering a sense of community and shared understanding.
Conclusion
Adolescence can be a challenging period for individuals with autism and their families, but with the right strategies and support, it can also be a time of growth and independence. By focusing on emotional support, life skills development, and creating a strong support network, parents can help their autistic teens navigate this transitional stage successfully. At Linden Clinics, we’ve learned that every adolescent’s journey is unique, and with patience and understanding, parents can provide the guidance their teens need to thrive.
References
Hendricks, D. R., & Wehman, P. (2009). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Review and recommendations. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(2), 77-88.
Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1101-1114.
Mandell, D. S., & Salzer, M. S. (2007). Who joins support groups among parents of children with autism? Autism, 11(2), 111-122.
Mazurek, M. O., Kanne, S. M., & Wodka, E. L. (2013). Physical aggression in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(3), 455-465.
Myles, B. S., & Adreon, D. (2001). Asperger syndrome and adolescence: Practical solutions for school success. Autism Asperger Publishing Company.
Nichols, S., Moravcik, G. M., & Tetenbaum, S. P. (2009). Girls growing up on the autism spectrum: What parents and professionals should know about the pre-teen and teenage years. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Smith, L. E., Maenner, M. J., & Seltzer, M. M. (2014). Developmental trajectories in adolescents and adults with autism: The case of daily living skills. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(5), 466-474.
Van Hees, V., Moyson, T., & Roeyers, H. (2015). Higher education experiences of students with autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, benefits and support needs. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(6), 1673-1688.
