How Does PECS Help with Autism?

PECS is often used in autism communication programs. What is it, how does it work, and what does the research say about its impact?

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a structured communication approach used with many autistic individuals, particularly those who are minimally verbal or nonverbal. But how does it actually work, and is it helpful? This blog explores what PECS is, its intended purpose, and what research and real-world experience tell us—without making recommendations.

What Is PECS?

PECS was developed in the 1980s as a way for individuals with communication difficulties to express needs using pictures. It typically starts with a child handing a picture to a communication partner in exchange for a desired item.

How PECS Is Structured 

PECS consists of six phases:

• 1. How to communicate (picture exchange),
• 2. Increasing spontaneity,
• 3. Picture discrimination,
• 4. Sentence structure,
• 5. Answering questions,
• 6. Commenting.

Each phase builds on the previous, fostering more complex communication.

Benefits Observed in Practice

Studies and anecdotal evidence suggest PECS can help with:

• Reducing frustration-related behaviors,
• Improving initiation of communication,
• Encouraging independence in expressing needs.

It is not a cure, nor a one-size-fits-all system. Some individuals respond well; others may need alternative tools.

PECS vs. Other AAC Methods 

PECS is low-tech and often used before or alongside high-tech Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems like tablets or speech-generating devices.

Conclusion  

PECS offers a structured approach to building early communication in autism, especially for nonverbal individuals. Outcomes vary, and the system should be implemented by trained professionals.

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